Kraepelin And Bleulerdeduction Vs Induction
Emil Kraepelin initially began formulating his ideas on psychopathology in 1883 and found himself bewildered by the wide differences in terminology and conceptions of mental disorders that faced him., He attempted to bring some order to these observations, and the result was the first edition of his compendium of psychiatry . From the beginning, Kraepelin strongly emphasized a somatic/biological etiology of mental disorders and strongly de-emphasized possible social or psychological causes. This may have been partly because of his close relationship with his brother, the renowned biologist Karl Kraepelin, with whom he shared a strong interest in biological systems of classification.
Over the ensuing years, Kraepelin began to refine his concepts of diagnostic categories, initially at the University of Dorpat in what is now Estonia. His clinical work there required the use of translators as Kraepelin did not speak the native language. He then went to Heidelberg, where the amount of clinical work and his interest in diagnostic categories led to the development of diagnostic cards . In his autobiography, Kraepelin outlines the genesis of this idea:
Psychology And Logic Join Forces To Debunk Psychics
John Oliver’s February 24, 2019 edition of Last Week Tonight was an exposé of the popularity of psychics on American daytime television. He reported that 4 out of 10 people believe that psychics are effective and that billions of dollars are spent yearly by people desperate to have psychics help them with their problems.
What is the psychology of people’s attention to psychics who use paranormal methods such as extrasensory perception to answer people’s questions? What is the appropriate logic for evaluating such methods?
You might be inclined to believe that psychics tell the truth. First, they often seem to know uncanny and accurate information about the people in their audiencesfor example, that someone has a spouse who died of heart disease. Second, the people who get information from psychics seem to feel better as a resultfor example, when they are told that a missing child is still alive. Third, the psychics appear on national television with famous hosts who have some credibility.
Oliver pointed out that there are alternative interpretations of all of these observations. Psychics use two main methods to appear to be accurate and informative about people’s problems.
The other method commonly used by psychics is hot calling, which means getting information in advance about people they know they will meet, through sources such as Facebook. Deceptions through cold and hot calling explain why psychics seem to be accurate and insightful.
Psychics Help Psychiatrists Understand The Voices Of Psychosis
People with psychosis are tormented by internal voices. In an effort to explain why a Yale team enlisted help from an unusual source: psychics and others who hear voices but are not diagnosed with a mental illness.
They found that the voices experienced by this group are similar in many ways to those reported by people with schizophrenia, with a few big differences: Psychics are much more likely to perceive the voices as positive or helpful and as experiences that can be controlled, according to a new study published Sept. 28 in the journal Schizophrenia Bulletin.
We have known for some time that people in the general population can have the experience of hearing voicessometimes frequentlywithout the need for psychiatric intervention, said Albert Powers, a psychiatry fellow and lead author of the study.
As many as one in 25 people hear voices at any given time and up to 40% may report hearing a voice at some time in their lives. Most do not meet criteria for mental illness. But finding healthy people to study who hear voices has been difficult.
Studying psychics through the lens of voice-hearing may give us important insights into why they are able to function so well without the need for psychiatric care Powers said.
Researchers say the approach may be unusual, but is justified by lack of progress in treating illnesses like schizophrenia.
The Yale Department of Psychiatry and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation provided primary funding for the research.
You May Like: Can Lewy Body Dementia Be Inherited
What Antipsychotic Drugs May Be Prescribed For A Person With Dementia
There are several antipsychotic drugs that may be used. Each one has slightly different effects on the brain and has its own potential risks and side effects.
The drug with the most evidence to support its use in dementia is risperidone. It is licensed for short-term treatment of persistent aggression in people with moderate-to-severe Alzheimers disease when there is risk of harm to the person or others. However, this is only if non-drug approaches have already been tried without success.
An older antipsychotic called haloperidol is licensed for use in people with Alzheimers disease or vascular dementia. However, most doctors consider its risks and side effects in people with dementia to be too severe. It tends to be used only in emergencies as a last resort.
What are off-label antipsychotics drugs?
Other antipsychotic drugs prescribed for people with dementia are done so off-label. This means that the doctor can prescribe them if they have good reason to do so, and provided they follow guidance set out by the General Medical Council.
A doctor may choose to prescribe an off-label antipsychotic drug when it offers a better balance of benefits and risks for an individual patient. For example, risperidone may be effective in people with dementia, but it also increases the risk of having a stroke. So if a person has already had a stroke it might be safer to prescribe an off-label drug that doesnt carry this risk, even though it might be less effective.
Hiv And Aids Timeline
From the bleakest early days of the epidemic, Johns Hopkins has been a leader in understanding, treating and preventing HIV and AIDS. Explore 35 years of progress, here and around the world, including the nations first HIV-positive to HIV-positive organ transplants, performed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in 2016.
Also Check: What Shampoos Cause Alzheimer’s Disease And Cancer
Pharmacologic Interventions For Management Of Behavioral Disturbances In Dementia
lists the principles of using pharmacotherapy to manage behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia. Although several drugs have been found to be beneficial for a variety of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia, no single drug is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for management of these disturbances. Also, many trials evaluating efficacy of drugs for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are not controlled, have insufficient power, include a heterogeneous population, and fail to use standardized scales to identify and track target behaviors. Hence, the evidence for pharmacologic interventions for the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia is far from conclusive. Serotonergic therapies may be used to manipulate other neurotransmitter systems to alleviate behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia or in combination with agents specific for the other neurotransmitter receptor sites. Past history of major mental illness and past response to psychotropic medications should be taken into consideration in deciding the type of pharmacologic agent.
Chews On Mints With Xylitol
Chris Fox, a professor of clinical psychiatry at the University of East Anglia Medical School, and a consultant old age psychiatrist at Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, says: As well as looking after my health generally, I take good care of my teeth to reduce the risk of dementia.
I use mints containing xylitol to keep the microbiome, the community of bacteria in the mouth, healthy.
This not only reduces dental cavities but xylitol actually gets rid of nasty bacteria, too. There is emerging evidence that it creates a healthier oral microbiome.
One study from Bristol found the same bugs that can cause problems in the mouth were found in post-mortem brains of people who died from Alzheimers.
One suggestion is that oral health may be linked to dementia as the bacteria may trigger inflammation in the brain.
The thinking is that porphyromonas gingivalis, the bacterium in the mouth that causes gum disease, crosses the blood brain barrier a protective boundary between the bloodstream and the brain.
This can potentially alter brain cells, contributing to dementia, explains Karl Herholz, a professor in clinical neuroscience at Manchester University.
We know the disease begins around 20 to 30 years before symptoms become apparent, so it makes sense to have good oral health by brushing and visiting your dentist regularly, which I ensure I do to protect myself against dementia, he says.
Read Also: Dementia Jigsaw Puzzles
Incidence And Prevalence Of Behavioral Disturbances In Dementia
At some point in the course of their illness, 90% of those with dementia are expected to develop significant behavioral problems. Behavioral disturbances occur throughout the course of dementia, irrespective of level of cognitive impairment. Behavioral disturbances occur in up to 75% of nursing home residents most of them have dementia. More than half will exhibit 2 or more problem behaviors. Verbal aggression/threats and physical aggression/agitation constitute the 2 most frequent behavioral disturbances reported in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. The high mean prevalence rates for both behaviors clearly reinforce the clinical magnitude of these problems for caregivers and health care providers. Other behaviors, such as sleep disturbances , restlessness , and wandering are also quite prevalent. Delusions , hallucinations , and depression constitute major psychiatric syndromes that may underlie many behavioral disturbances. Baker and colleagues reported that 57% of the Alzheimer’s disease patient population demonstrated mixed psychiatric symptoms. Verbally nonaggressive behaviors are most prevalent in the middle stages of dementia, when verbal abilities are still maintained but the ability to use them effectively is diminished. In contrast, aggressive behaviors tend to occur in late stages of dementia, when verbal communication is severely compromised.
More 2021 Celebrity Predictions
Shakira
Shakira has had a trying year to say the least but moving forward for 2021 we can expect some creative flair and balance will be returning in all aspects. That light at the end of a tunnel is actual potential and not a train on its way to derail life. What ever it is that is coming it is good and it is safe to say we can expect some wonderful growth and insight.
There are some minor bumps that will occur but nothing that is unmanageable – being the born leader she is. And it is actually okay to be a bit stubborn as these traits allow her to take that time out in life to recharge.
Doja Cat
Doja Cat is a kind nurturing soul, that is socially aware and often puts others needs before her own. It is important that she does not allow people to take advantage of her kind caring nature.
She is destined for greatness in 2021, that will create a ripple effect that will help so many people globally. A philanthropic affair will spark interest and this care will bring a soothing to her core being, leaving a legacy of a gratitude and kind nature that will carry on for years to come.
Dwayne Johnson
Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson in a way has come from a year of self reflection and connecting with his higher power. He is an energy ball of note, moving forward to the beginning of 2021, he and only him can do what needs to be done – this is his personal idea and journey.
Drake
Nicki Minaj
Also Check: Alzheimer’s Neurotransmitters Affected
Boy 5 Diagnosed With Rare Childhood Dementia After Losing Ability To Walk
Isaac Tilley was diagnosed with CLN2 Batten Disease in August. The condition is also known as childhood dementia and causes kids to have a shortened life expectancy
A five-year-old boy has been diagnosed with rare childhood dementia, with his devastated family now raising awareness of the condition.
Little Isaac Tilley suffered from a range of symptoms including seizures, loss of mobility, and delayed speech for two years.
His mum Aimee Tilley, 34, was devastated when he was diagnosed with CLN2 Batten disease in August.
The rare condition is also known as childhood dementia and causes kids to have a shortened life expectancy.
Isaac’s mum, his dad Adrian, 46, and sister Eva, eight, have been warned he may not reach his teenage years, even though his treatment is designed to slow down the progression of the disease.
Isaac lost the ability to play football, run and even walk in just eight months, his mum said.
Aimee, who is now Isaac’s full-time carer, said: “When he was three, he had his first seizure and 10 days later after another seizure, he was diagnosed with epilepsy.
“He was also suffering from speech delay and at one point, I thought he may have autism. His private speech therapist had noticed something wasn’t right which encouraged me to ask for Isaac to be referred to a neurologist in Oxford.
The mum added: “We had never heard of Batten disease and were given an out-of-date leaflet and told he wouldn’t make it to see his teenage years.
To donate, click here.
I Dont Think Youd Handle Seeing The Future Very Well
The next morning, I go to my factchecking job. Factcheckers are supposed to ensure the accuracy of every grain of information in a given article. Under a president who makes an average of 6.5 false or misleading claims a day, the often tedious business of factchecking has taken on new urgency.
While factchecking in February, I confirm that a pair of cat-shaped Gucci earrings costs $2,390 that an average of 31 American women die from opioids every day that 17 people were killed at Marjory Stoneman Douglas high school on Valentines Day and that the Milky Way galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its heart.
At work, the tyranny of facts feels inescapable.
At psychic school, facts dont matter.
If its coming from spirit, then its true, says Melissa Waite Stamps, a self-described clairvoyant medium who has Morticia Addams hair. This world is totally nonlinear. Its a different universe. Its like being in a dream state.
At age 11, Melissa was inducted as a priestess by her Irish nanny into the Pagan path of goddess mysteries without the knowledge of her Upper East Side socialite mother. Now she runs a weekly psychic development Meetup group.
On a Monday evening, in a cramped, windowless room near the Empire State Building, Melissa tells six students about how spirits might convey information to channelers: through dreams, goosebumps, flashing lights, radios randomly turning on and off.
Then she guides the group on a meditative trip.
Recommended Reading: Are Jigsaw Puzzles Good For Dementia
Benefits Of The Unbreakable Brain
- Protect your brain
- Keep your mind razor-sharp for as long as you live
- Keep your independence and avoid spending your final days at a care facility
- Early-onset dementia affects surprisingly young people. Some people are just 45 when they develop the first warning signs of dementia. One in three people in the United States will die of dementia, and its training on your friends, family, and loved ones.
- Thats why Dr. Will Mitchell created The Unbreakable Brain. He wants to help adults of any age protect their brains. By following The Unbreakable Brain, adults can purportedly keep their minds razor-sharp at any age.
Tries To Speak And Read French
Carol Brayne, a professor of public health at the University of Cambridge, says: Studies have shown that factors such as social engagement, intellectual engagement, having a complex occupation and higher education are associated with a lower risk of dementia, although they dont eradicate it completely.
Our brains change quite a bit as we age, in the ways they are wired, and I think at the highest level our brains are meant to be stimulated.
We know that from child development: if you dont stimulate a child, their brain wont develop.
We are organisms that respond to the environment, and we need stimulation in order to maintain things.
My message would be that you need to do things you enjoy, though. Enrich your life by taking up activities that you like and can become better at, at any life stage.
On a personal note, I enjoy trying to sustain my French language skills through reading and speaking whenever I can!
Also Check: Alzheimer’s Color Ribbon
You Seem Like A Mugwort Person
On a freezing Tuesday in January, I attend a class called Herbs for Dreamwork and Opening Psychic Abilities at Catland, an occult bookshop in Brooklyn which gained minor notoriety in 2017 for organizing a ceremony to hex US president Donald Trump.
In a black-walled room lit by a single bulb, 17 students sit before Rebecca Fey, an aerialist acrobat and tarot reader wearing skull-printed tights and feather earrings. Shes listing herbs with purported mystical benefits. Mugwort, she says, is great for opening your Third Eye wormwood helps induce visions cinnamon raises vibrational frequencies catnip attracts good spirits wild lettuce can be smoked Hopi Indians used it to induce trance states.
Students scribble notes as Fey explains how to rub herbs into a mirror to practice a form of divination called scrying.
Does it have to be so dark in here? one student asks.
How do you spell scry? asks another.
We can be a dolphin, an extraterrestrial, a reptilian, an insect. I was a dwarf in the 17th century. The psychic thing lets you know the truth
In the US, skeptics about psychic phenomena outnumber believers, but not by much. Polls tend to show that around one-third to one-half of Americans believe in phenomena such as telepathy and precognition. These beliefs fuel a $2bn psychic services industry that has been growing steadily since the 2008 recession.
Antipsychotics And Other Drug Approaches In Dementia Care
Antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed for people with dementia who develop changes such as aggression and psychosis. However this is usually only after other drugs have been tried such as anti-depressant, anti-dementia and anticonvulsant drugs.
Drugs for behavioural and psychological symptoms
Read Also: Does Coke Cause Alzheimer’s